Basic OSPF for IPV4

Click here to see the video!

Single-Area OSPF Link Costs and Interface Priorities

You can download this lab from here : https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwlOClLfe-axZ3lLajJRaUJBMDQ/view?usp=sharing

Topology

We are going to do a basic lab based on Cisco Network Academy. This is our lab and we applied some changes in the values here:

This is the original topology..

Objectives

• Configure single-area OSPF on a router.

• Advertise loopback interfaces into OSPF.

• Verify OSPF adjacencies.

• Verify OSPF routing information exchange.

• Modify OSPF link costs.

• Change interface priorities.

• Utilize debugging commands for troubleshooting OSPF.

Background

You are responsible for configuring the new network to connect your company’s engineering, marketing, and accounting departments, represented by the loopback interfaces on each of the three routers. The physical devices have just been installed and connected by Fast Ethernet and serial cables.

Configure OSPF to allow full connectivity between all departments.

Step 1: Configure addressing and loopbacks.

a. Using the addressing scheme in the diagram, apply IP addresses to the Fast Ethernet interfaces on R1, R2, and R3. Create Loopback1 on R1, Loopback2 on R2, and Loopback3 on R3, and address them according to the diagram.

Note: Depending on the router models you have, you might need to add clock rates to the DCE end of each connection (newer equipment adds this automatically). Verify connectivity across each serial link.

R1#

configure terminal

interface Loopback1

description Engineering Department

ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

exit

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 10.1.200.1 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

R2#

configure terminal

interface Loopback2

description Marketing Department

ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0

exit

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 10.1.200.2 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

R3#

configure terminal

interface Loopback3

description Accounting Department

ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0

exit

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 10.1.200.3 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

Leave the switch in its default (blank) configuration.

a By default, all switch ports are in VLAN1 and are not administratively down.

b. Configure the serial interfaces on R1 and R2 with the IP addresses shown in the diagram. Add the clockrate command where needed.

interface Serial 0/0

ip address 10.1.100.1 255.255.255.0

clockrate 64000

bandwidth 64

no shutdown

interface Serial 0/0

ip address 10.1.100.2 255.255.255.0

bandwidth 64

no shutdown

Note: The bandwidth command on the serial interfaces is used to match the actual bandwidth of the link. By default, OSPF calculates the cost of links based on the default interface bandwidth which may be either 128 or 1544 Kb/s, depending on the WIC type. In this case the bandwidth 64 command is used because the real bandwidth of the serial interfaces is set to 64 Kbps. Refer to Step 5 for information on modifying OSPF link costs.

c. Verify that the appropriate interfaces are up and that you can ping across each link.

Step 2: Add physical interfaces to OSPF.

a. Enter the OSPF configuration prompt using the router ospf process_number command. The process number is a locally significant number that does not affect how OSPF works. For this lab, use process number 1 on all the routers.

b. Add interfaces with the network address wildcard_mask area area command. The address is an IP address. The mask is an inverse mask, similar to the kind used in an access list. The area is the OSPF area to put the interface. For this lab, use area 0, the backbone area, for all interfaces.

For example, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252 (/30) becomes 0.0.0.3 to capture all interfaces on that subnet:

255.255.255.255 – 255.255.255.252= 0. 0. 0. 3

Note: Another option for adding individual directly connected networks into the OSPF process is to use the ip ospf process-id area area-id interface command that is available with Cisco IOS version 12.3(11)T and later.

c. Enter the commands on R1. Exit to privileged EXEC mode and type debug ip ospf adj. The debug command lets you watch OSPF neighbors come up and see neighbor relationships.

R1(config)#

router ospf 1

network 10.1.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

network 10.1.200.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

end

R1#

R1# debug ip ospf adj

OSPF adjacency events debugging is on

d. Add network statements to the other two routers.

R2(config)#

router ospf 1

network 10.1.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

network 10.1.200.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R3(config)#

router ospf 1

network 10.1.200.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

e. Observe the debug output on R1. When you are finished, turn off debugging on R1 with the undebug all command.

f. What is the advantage of adding networks with a wildcard mask instead of using classful network addresses?

________________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Use OSPF show commands.

a. The show ip protocols command displays basic high-level routing protocol information. The output lists each OSPF process, the router ID, and which networks OSPF is routing for in each area. This information can be useful in debugging routing operations.

R1# show ip protocols

b. The show ip ospf command displays the OSPF process ID and router ID.

R1# show ip ospf

Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 10.1.1.1

Notice the router ID listed in the output. The R1 ID is 10.1.1.1, even though you have not added this loopback into the OSPF process. The router chooses the router ID using the highest IP on a loopback interface when OSPF is configured. If an additional loopback interface with a higher IP address is added after OSPF is turned on, it does not become the router ID unless the router is reloaded, the OSPF configuration is removed and reentered, or the OSPF-level command router-id is used to modify the RID manually and the clear ip ospf process command is subsequently entered. If no loopback interfaces are present on the router, the router selects the highest available IP address among interfaces that are activated using the no shutdown command. If no IP addresses are assigned to interfaces, the OSPF process does not start.

c. The show ip ospf neighbor command displays important neighbor status, including the adjacency state, address, router ID, and connected interface.

R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.1.2.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:36 10.1.200.2 FastEthernet0/0

10.1.3.1 1 FULL/DR 00:00:35 10.1.200.3 FastEthernet0/0

10.1.2.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:36 10.1.100.2 Serial0/0/0

If you need more detail than the standard one-line summaries of neighbors, use the show ip ospf neighbor detail command. However, generally, the regular command gives you all that you need.

d. The show ip ospf interface interface_type number command shows interface timers and network types.

R1# show ip ospf interface FastEthernet 0/0

FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 10.1.200.1/24, Area 0

Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1

Designated Router (ID) 10.1.3.1, Interface address 10.1.200.3

Backup Designated router (ID) 10.1.2.1, Interface address 10.1.200.2

Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

oob-resync timeout 40

Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2

Adjacent with neighbor 10.1.3.1 (Designated Router)

Adjacent with neighbor 10.1.2.1

Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

e. A variation of the previous command is the show ip ospf interface brief command, which displays each interface that is participating in the OSPF process on the router, the area it is in, its IP address, cost, state, and number of neighbors.

R1# show ip ospf interface brief

Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C

Fa0/0 1 0 10.1.200.1/24 1 DROTH 2/2

Se0/0/0 1 0 10.1.100.1/24 1 P2P 1/1

f. The show ip ospf database command displays the various LSAs in the OSPF database, organized by area and type.

R1# show ip ospf database

OSPF Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)

Router Link States (Area 0)

Step 4: Add loopback interfaces to OSPF.

a. All three routers have loopback interfaces, but they are not yet advertised in the routing process. You can verify this with the show ip route command on the three routers.

R1# show ip route

R2# show ip route

R3# show ip route

b. For each router, the only loopback address displayed is the locally connected one. Add the loopbacks into the routing process for each router using the same network command previously used to add the physical interfaces.

router ospf 1

network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

router ospf 1

network 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

router ospf 1

network 10.1.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

c. Verify that these networks have been added to the routing table using the show ip route command.

R1# show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

O 10.1.2.1/32 [110/2] via 10.1.200.2, 00:00:03, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/2] via 10.1.200.3, 00:00:03, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback1

C 10.1.100.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C 10.1.200.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Now you can see the loopbacks of the other routers, but their subnet mask is incorrect, because the default network type on loopback interfaces advertises them as /32 (host) routes. As you can see in the output of the show ip ospf interface Lo1 command, the default OSPF network type for a loopback interface is LOOPBACK, causing the OSPF to advertise host routes instead of actual network masks.

R1# show ip ospf interface Lo1

Loopback1 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 10.1.1.1/24, Area 0

Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1

Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host

Note: The OSPF network type of LOOPBACK is a Cisco-proprietary extension that is not configurable but that is present on loopback interfaces by default. In some applications such as MPLS, the possible discrepancy between the real loopback interface mask and the advertised address/mask can lead to reachability or functionality issues, and care must be taken to either use /32 mask on loopbacks, or whenever a different mask is used, the OSPF network type must be changed to point-to-point.

d. To change this default behavior use the ip ospf network point-to-point command in interface configuration mode for each loopback. After the routes propagate, you see the correct subnet masks associated with those loopback interfaces.

interface loopback1

ip ospf network point-to-point

interface loopback2

ip ospf network point-to-point

interface loopback3

ip ospf network point-to-point

R1# show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets

O 10.1.3.0 [110/2] via 10.1.200.3, 00:00:01, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.2.0 [110/2] via 10.1.200.2, 00:00:01, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback1

C 10.1.100.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C 10.1.200.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

e. Use the following Tcl script to verify connectivity to all addresses in the topology.

Step 5: Modify OSPF link costs.

When you use the show ip route command on R1, you see that the most direct route to the R2 loopback is through its Ethernet connection. Next to this route is a pair in the form [administrative distance / metric ]. The default administrative distance of OSPF on Cisco routers is 110. The metric depends on the link type. OSPF always chooses the route with the lowest metric, which is a sum of all link costs. You can modify a single link cost by using the interface command ip ospf cost cost. Use this command on both ends of the link. In the following commands, the link cost of the Fast Ethernet connection between the three routers is changed to a cost of 50. Notice the change in the metrics in the routing table.

interface FastEthernet 0/0

ip ospf cost 50

interface FastEthernet 0/0

ip ospf cost 50

interface FastEthernet 0/0

ip ospf cost 50

R1# show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets

O 10.1.3.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.3, 00:01:40, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.2.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.2, 00:01:40, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback1

C 10.1.100.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C 10.1.200.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

default link costs (taken from Cisco.com):

• 64-kb/s serial link: 1562

• T1 (1.544-Mb/s serial link): 64

• E1 (2.048-Mb/s serial link): 48

• Ethernet: 10

• Fast Ethernet: 1

• FDDI: 1

• X25: 5208

• ATM: 1

OSPF uses a reference bandwidth of 100 Mb/s for cost calculation. The formula to calculate the cost is the reference bandwidth divided by the interface bandwidth. For example, in the case of Ethernet, is the cost is 100 Mb/s / 10 Mb/s = 10.

The above link costs do not include Gigabit Ethernet, which is significantly faster than Fast Ethernet, but would still have a cost of 1 using the default reference bandwidth of 100 Mb/s.

The cost calculation can be adjusted to account for network links that are faster than 100 Mb/s by using the auto-cost reference-bandwidth command to change the reference bandwidth. For example, to change the reference bandwidth to 1000 Mb/s (Gigabit Ethernet), use the following commands:

R1router ospf 1

auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000

% OSPF: Reference bandwidth is changed.

Please ensure reference bandwidth is consistent across all routers.

Note: If the ip ospf cost cost command is used on the interface, as is the case here, it overrides this formulated cost.

Note: The above example is for reference only and should not be entered on R1.

Step 6: Modify interface priorities to control the DR and BDR election.

If you use the show ip ospf neighbor detail command on any of the routers, you see that for the Ethernet network, R3 is the DR (designated router) and R2 is the BDR (backup designated router). These designations are determined by the interface priority for all routers in that network, which you see in the show output.

The default priority is 1. If all the priorities are the same (which happens by default), the DR election is then based on router IDs. The highest router ID router becomes the DR, and the second highest becomes the BDR. All other routers become DROTHERs.

Note: If your routers do not have this exact behavior, it might be because of the order in which the routers came up. Sometimes a router does not leave the DR position unless its interface goes down and another router takes over. Your routers might not behave exactly like the example.

Use the ip ospf priority number interface command to change the OSPF priorities on R1 and R2 to make R1 the DR and R2 the BDR. After changing the priority on both interfaces, look at the output of the show ip ospf neighbor detail command. You can also see the change with the show ip ospf neighbor command, but it requires more interpretation because it comes up with states per neighbor, rather than stating the DR and BDR on a neighbor adjacency network.

interface FastEthernet 0/0

ip ospf priority 10

interface FastEthernet 0/0

ip ospf priority 5

R1# show ip ospf neighbor detail

Neighbor 10.1.2.1, interface address 10.1.200.2

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL, 12 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.1 BDR is 10.1.200.2

Options is 0x52

LLS Options is 0x1 (LR)

Dead timer due in 00:00:37

Neighbor is up for 00:01:32

Index 3/3, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 0

First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Last retransmission scan length is 0, maximum is 0

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

Neighbor 10.1.3.1, interface address 10.1.200.3

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL, 12 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.1 BDR is 10.1.200.2

Note: To make a router take over as DR, use the clear ip ospf process command on all the routers after changing the priorities. Another method of demonstrating the election process and priorities is to shutdown and reactivate all ports on the switch simultaneously. The switch can be configured with spanning-tree portfast default and all ports can be shutdown and reactivated using the following commands.

interface range fa0/1 - 24 shutdown no shutdown

What is the purpose of a DR in OSPF?

__________________________________________________________________________________

What is the purpose of a BDR in OSPF?

________________________________________________________________________________

Challenge: Topology Change

OSPF, like many link-state routing protocols, is reasonably fast when it comes to convergence. To test this, have R3 send a large number of pings to the R1 loopback. By default, the pings take the path from R3 to R1 over Fast Ethernet because it has the lowest total path cost.

a. Check the path from R3 to R1 by performing a traceroute on R3 to the loopback of R1.

R3# traceroute 10.1.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Tracing the route to 10.1.1.1

1 10.1.200.1 0 msec 0 msec *

Note: Read the next substep carefully before trying out the commands on routers.

b. Initiate a ping from R3 to the R1 loopback with a high repeat number using the command ping ip repeat number command. While this ping is going on, shut down the R1 Fa0/0 interface.

R3# ping 10.1.1.1 repeat 10000

R1(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0

R1(config-if)# shutdown

Did you notice that some packets were dropped but then the pings started returning again?

____________________________________________________________________________

How do you think OSPF convergence compares to other routing protocols, such as RIP? What about EIGRP?

_______________________________________________________________________________